Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry, and Conservation

Amphibian biology and husbandry.

Extant amphibians comprise three lineages-- salamanders (Urodela or Caudata), frogs and toads (Anura), and caecilians (Gymnophiona, Apoda, or Caecilia)--which contain more than 6,000 species. Fewer than a dozen species of amphibians are commonly maintained in laboratory colonies, and the husbandry requirements for the vast majority of amphibians are poorly known. For these species, a review of ...

Conservation laws in biology and evolution, their singularities and bans

Well known biological approximations are universal, i.e. invariant to transformations from one species to another. With no other experimental data, such invariance yields exact conservation (with respect to biological diversity and evolutionary history) laws. The laws predict two alternative universal ways of evolution and physiology; their singularities and bans; a new kind of rapid (compared ...

Prospective and Retrospective Perturbation Analyses: Their Roles in Conservation Biology

Demographic perturbation analysis explores how population statistics (especially population growth rate A) respond to changes in the vital rates (survival, growth, development, reproduction, and so on). Perturbation analysis is used in two logically distinct ways. Prospective analyses (sensitivity and elasticity) explore the functional dependence of A on the vital rates. They predict the change...

Cranes of the World: 7. Endangered Species and Conservation

Biology of TH17 Lymphocytes, their Cytokines and Role in Disease

T lymphocytes that are involved in cellular mediated immunity include two types known as TCD8+ (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and TCD4+ (helper T lymphocytes). TCD4+ has four main subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg Lymphocytes.TH17 lymphocytes play a role in defense against microbes that TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes have not the ability to respond to them. The most important cytokines, which ar...